Managing change in an information technology environment

ABSTRACT

In a method for managing change in an information technology (IT) environment, in response to an open change ticket, identifying one or more components of the IT environment that are associated with at least one change operation included in the change ticket. The method further includes identifying information associated with the identified one or more components of the IT environment. The method further includes determining a listing of allowable change operations for the identified one or more components of the IT environment in the change ticket based on the identified information associated with the identified one or more components of the IT environment. The method further includes receiving a user requested change operation. The method further includes determining whether the received user requested change operation is included in the determined listing of allowable change operations.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of InformationTechnology (IT) environments, and more particularly to managing changein an IT environment.

An IT environment, or IT infrastructure, includes a variety of ITresources, which are managed, in accordance with the needs andpriorities of an organization. Some examples of resources that an ITenvironment can include are computer hardware, computer software,networks, data, and data centers. An IT infrastructure is a combined setof hardware, software, networks, facilities, etc. (including all of theinformation technology), in order to develop, test, deliver, monitor,control, or support IT services.

A converged IT infrastructure packages multiple IT components andresources into a single, optimized computing solution. Components of aconverged IT infrastructure solution include servers, data storagedevices, networking equipment and software for IT infrastructuremanagement, automation, and orchestration. Converged IT infrastructureis used by IT organizations to centralize the management of ITresources, consolidate systems, increase resource utilization rates, andlower costs. These objectives are enabled by the creation of pools ofcomputers, storage, and networking resources that can be shared bymultiple applications and managed in a collective manner using policydriven processes.

Change management in an IT environment, or a converged ITinfrastructure, is accomplished utilizing change tickets. A changeticket includes modifications (i.e., change operations) to one or moresystem areas of the IT environment and specifies the system areas thatare to be modified. The system areas include the components andsub-components of the IT environment. Some examples of change operationsinclude replacing a file, updating software (e.g., a software patch),and modifying virtual machine resources in one or more components of anIT environment.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the present invention disclose a method, computer programproduct, service, and system for managing change in an informationtechnology (IT) environment. The method includes one or more processorsin response to an open change ticket, identifying one or more componentsof the IT environment that are associated with at least one changeoperation included in the change ticket. The method further includes oneor more processors identifying information associated with theidentified one or more components of the IT environment. The methodfurther includes one or more processors determining a listing ofallowable change operations for the identified one or more components ofthe IT environment in the change ticket based on the identifiedinformation associated with the identified one or more components of theIT environment. The method further includes one or more processorsreceiving a user requested change operation. The method further includesone or more processors determining whether the received user requestedchange operation is included in the determined listing of allowablechange operations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a data processing environment,in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart depicting operational steps of a program formanagement of change operations on components of an InformationTechnology (IT) environment, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of components of a computing systemrepresentative of the client device, change management server, andservers of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention allow for management of changeoperations on components of an Information Technology (IT) environment.In one embodiment, in response to opening a change ticket, components ofthe IT environment that will be affected are identified. Then, anoperator is capable of performing change operations, in accordance withthe change ticket, on the identified components of the IT environmentindicated by the change ticket.

Some embodiments of the present invention recognize that an ITenvironment, or a converged IT infrastructure, can include a variety ofdifferent components that may relate to different areas of anorganization. An operator that performs change management operations inthe IT environment can have a general knowledge in the different area ofan organization and may not have, or need, a deep knowledge in thesubject areas corresponding to the different areas of the organization.In the IT environment, change operations and change tickets are createdfor potentially all areas of the IT environment, even the subject areasthat are not in the expertise area of the operator.

The present invention will now be described in detail with reference tothe Figures. FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating dataprocessing environment 100, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

An embodiment of data processing environment 100 includes client device120, change management server 130, and IT environment 140, allinterconnected over network 110. In one embodiment, client device 120,change management server 130, and IT environment 140 communicate throughnetwork 110. Network 110 can be, for example, a local area network(LAN), a telecommunications network, a wide area network (WAN) such asthe Internet, or a combination of the three, and include wired,wireless, or fiber optic connections. In general, network 110 can be anycombination of connections and protocols that will supportcommunications between client device 120, change management server 130,and IT environment 140, in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention. Still yet, any of the components of the present inventioncould be deployed, managed, serviced, etc. by a service provider whooffers change management.

In an example embodiment, client device 120 can access and interact withdata and components of change management server 130 and IT environment140, via network 110. In another embodiment, client device 120 utilizeschange management server 130 to access IT environment 140 and performchange operations on components of IT environment 140. For example,client device 120 can be a remote terminal or a desktop computer that anoperator of IT environment 140 can utilize manage potential changes(e.g., change ticket 134) to IT environment 140. In various embodimentsof the present invention, client device 120 may be a workstation,personal computer, personal digital assistant, mobile phone, or anyother device capable of executing program instructions, in accordancewith embodiments of the present invention. In general, client device 120is representative of any electronic device or combination of electronicdevices capable of executing machine-readable program instructions, asdescribed in greater detail with regard to FIG. 3, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention.

Client device 120 includes user interface 122 and application 124. Userinterface 122 is a program that provides an interface between a user ofclient device 120 and a plurality of applications that reside on theserver computer (not shown). A user interface, such as user interface122, refers to the information (such as graphic, text, and sound) that aprogram presents to a user and the control sequences the user employs tocontrol the program. A variety of types of user interfaces exist. In oneembodiment, user interface 122 is a graphical user interface. Agraphical user interface (GUI) is a type of user interface that allowsusers to interact with electronic devices, such as a computer keyboardand mouse, through graphical icons and visual indicators, such assecondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed commandlabels, or text navigation. In computing, GUIs were introduced inreaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-lineinterfaces which require commands to be typed on the keyboard. Theactions in GUIs are often performed through direct manipulation of thegraphical elements.

In various embodiments, application 124 is any type of softwareapplication that a user of client device 120 can utilize to accesschange management server 130 (e.g., change management program 200 anddatabase 132 on change management server 130). For example, application124 is a change management application that an operator of ITenvironment 140 can utilize access change management server 130 tomanage potential changes to IT environment 140 (e.g., via use of userinterface 122 on client device 120).

In example embodiments, change management server 130 can be a desktopcomputer, a computer server, or any other computer system known in theart. In certain embodiments, change management server 130 representscomputer systems utilizing clustered computers and components (e.g.,database server computers, application server computers, etc.) that actas a single pool of seamless resources when accessed by elements of dataprocessing environment 100 (e.g., client device 120). In general, changemanagement server 130 is representative of any electronic device orcombination of electronic devices capable of executing machine-readableprogram instructions, as described in greater detail with regard to FIG.3, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

In one embodiment, change management server 130 facilitates changeoperations on components of IT environment 140 from an operatorassociated with IT environment 140 (e.g., an individual utilizing clientdevice 120). Change management server 130 includes change managementprogram 200 and database 132, which includes change ticket 134. Inexample embodiments, change management program 200 manages changeoperations for components of IT environment 140, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention. In another embodiment, changemanagement program 200 can be located on client device 120. Database 132can be implemented with any type of storage device, for example,persistent storage 308, which is capable of storing data that may beaccessed and utilized by client device 120 and change management server130, such as a database server, a hard disk drive, or a flash memory. Inother embodiments, database 132 can represent multiple storage deviceswithin change management server 130.

Database 132 stores a plurality of instances of change ticket 134 andinformation associated with change operations in IT environment 140(e.g., log files associated with IT environment 140, error messages,administrative commands, etc.). In one embodiment, database 132 includeshistorical records of previous changes to components of IT environment140 (e.g., previous change operations and change tickets). In anotherembodiment, database 132 includes best practices data associated with ITenvironment 140. In yet another embodiment, database 132 includeslistings of allowable operations that users are capable of performing onIT environment 140 (e.g., changing a directory, viewing a processlisting, steps for authentication, etc.).

Change ticket 134 includes one or more change operations that areintended for components of IT environment 140 and includes indicationsof the components of IT environment 140 corresponding to the one or morechange operations (e.g., server 142, software 145 on server 144, virtualmachine 147 on server 146, storage device 141, etc.). For example,change ticket 134 includes a software patch for software 145 on server144 of IT environment 140, along with an indication that the softwarepatch is intended to update software 145 on server 144.

Change management server 130 is capable of determining and providing(e.g., to client device 120) a listing of components of IT environment140. In one embodiment, database 132 includes a listing of all of thecomponents of IT environment 140 (e.g., storage device 141 and servers142, 144, and 146) and sub-components of IT environment 140. In anotherembodiment, change management server 130 can utilize administrationmanuals associated with components of IT environment 140, log files, anddatabase messages associated with components of IT environment 140 and amapping of sections of IT environment 140 to determine a listing of thecomponents and sub-components of IT environment 140. In an exampleembodiment, change management server 130 can parse (e.g., via NaturalLanguage Processing) text manuals associated with components of ITenvironment 140 to determine a listing of the components andsub-components of IT environment 140.

In one embodiment, IT environment 140 is a converged IT infrastructure,which includes a plurality of components and resources. Components andresources of IT environment 140 include storage device 141, servers 142,144, and 146, as well as additional components and resources (e.g.,additional servers, data storage devices, networking equipment, andsoftware that are not shown).

In example embodiments, servers 142, 144, and 146 can be desktopcomputers, computer servers, or any other computer systems known in theart. In certain embodiments, servers 142, 144, and 146 representcomputer systems utilizing clustered computers and components (e.g.,database server computers, application server computers, etc.) that actas a single pool of seamless resources when accessed by elements of dataprocessing environment 100 (e.g., client device 120, change managementserver 130, and components of IT environment 140). In general, servers142, 144, and 146 are representative of any electronic device orcombination of electronic devices capable of executing machine-readableprogram instructions, as described in greater detail with regard to FIG.3, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Storagedevice 141 can be implemented with any type of storage device, forexample, persistent storage 308, which is capable of storing data thatmay be accessed and utilized by client device 120, change managementserver 130, and components of IT environment 140, such as a databaseserver, a hard disk drive, or a flash memory. In other embodiments,storage device 141 can represent multiple storage devices within ITenvironment 140.

Server 142 includes file 143. In various embodiments, file 143 is aninstance of data that is stored on server 142. In an example embodiment,change ticket 134 includes a change operation to replace file 143 onserver 142 with an updated file. Server 144 includes software 145. Invarious embodiments, software 145 is an instance of software, or a suiteof software applications, that is stored on server 144. In an exampleembodiment, change ticket 134 includes a change operation to updatesoftware 145 with a software patch. Server 146 includes virtual machines147 and 148. In various embodiments, virtual machines 147 and 148 aresoftware implementations of computing systems that utilize computerresources of server 146 (e.g., computer memory, software licenses,applications, central processing units (CPUs), network ports, operatingsystems, and disk space). In an example embodiment, change ticket 134includes a change operation to allocate an additional network portresource of server 146 to virtual machine 147.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart depicting operational steps of change managementprogram 200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Change management program 200 operates on change management server 130to manage change operations that a user of client device 120 can performon components of IT environment 140. In one embodiment, changemanagement program 200 initiates in response to receiving a request toaccess a change ticket (e.g., open and view change ticket 134) indatabase 132.

In step 202, change management program 200 accesses a change ticket. Inone embodiment, in response to a user of client device 120 (e.g., anoperator associated with IT environment 140) accessing change ticket134, change management program 200 accesses change ticket 134 indatabase 132. In various embodiments, change management program 200accesses change ticket 134, which includes at least one change operationthat is intended for one or more components of IT environment 140 and anindication of the components of IT environment 140 corresponding to theat least one change operation. In an example embodiment, change ticket134 includes a change operation to update software 145 on server 144with a software patch.

In step 204, change management program 200 determines a change contextbased on components included in the change ticket. In one embodiment,the change context is an indication of the components of IT environment140 that change ticket 134 includes change operations to modify. Invarious embodiments, the change context can provide an indication of aspecific component of IT environment 140 (e.g., file 143 on server 142)or an area of IT environment that can include multiple components (e.g.,servers of IT environment 140, which includes servers 142, 144, and146). For example, if change ticket 134 includes a change operation toupdate software 145 on server 144 with a software patch, then changemanagement program 200 determines a change context that includessoftware 145 on server 144. In one embodiment, change management program200 determines a change context by identifying one or more components ofIT environment 140 that are associated with change operations that areincluded in change ticket 134.

In step 206, change management program 200 identifies informationcorresponding to components of the IT environment that are included inthe change context. In one embodiment, change management program 200utilizes the determined change context (determined in step 204) to lookup and identify information that corresponds to the one or morecomponents of IT environment 140 includes in the change context. Inexample embodiments, change management program 200 accesses data that isstored in database 132, which includes information associated withchange operations in IT environment 140 (e.g., log files associated withIT environment 140, error messages, administrative commands, etc.).

In one embodiment, for each component of IT environment 140 that isincluded in the determined change context, change management program 200identified information associated with the component, which is stored indatabase 132. In an example embodiment, change management program 200identifies historical records of previous changes to components of ITenvironment 140. For example, change management program 200 identifieshistorical records of previous change operations on server 144 andsoftware 145, which can provide an indication of change operations thatare allowed on server 144 and software 145. In another exampleembodiment, change management program 200 identifies best practices dataassociated with IT environment 140. For example, change managementprogram 200 best practices information that corresponds to server 144and software 145, which can provide an indication of change operationsthat are allowed on server 144 and software 145. In yet another exampleembodiment, change management program 200 identifies listings ofallowable operations that users are capable of performing on ITenvironment 140. For example, change management program 200 can identifya change directory, a process listing, and authentication steps thatcorrespond to server 144 and software 145, which can provide anindication of change operations that are allowed on server 144 andsoftware 145. In additional embodiments, change management program 200can identify additional information in database 132 that can provide anindication of change operations that are allowed on components or systemareas of IT environment 140.

In step 208, change management program 200 determines a listing ofallowable change operations for the determined change context. In oneembodiment, change management program 200 utilizes identifiedinformation corresponding to components of the IT environment that areincluded in the change context (identified in step 206) to determine alisting of allowable change operations for the determined change contextand change ticket 134. In various embodiments, change management program200 utilizes identified information that includes historical records ofprevious changes to components of IT environment 140, best practicesdata associated with IT environment 140, and listings of allowableoperations that users are capable of performing on IT environment 140.For example, identified historical records of previous changes to server144 and software 145 includes information that indicates that modifyingsoftware 145, via a software update, is an operation that has previouslyoccurred successfully. In this example, change management program 200determines that modifying software 145 on server 144, via a softwareupdate, is included in the listing of allowable actions.

In step 210, change management program 200 receives a change operation.In one embodiment, change management program 200 receives a changeoperation from client device 120 (e.g., through a selection via userinterface 122 from an operator of IT environment 140). In an exampleembodiment, a user of client device 120 executes one of the one or morechange operations included in change ticket 134 and change managementserver 130, via change management program 200, and intercepts the changeoperation.

In an example, a user of client device 120 is an operator of ITenvironment 140 utilizing client device 120 as a remote terminal toaccess IT environment 140 and selects a change operation in changeticket 134 to update software 145 on server 144 with a software patch.Change management server 130 intercepts the selected change operation,and change management program 200 receives the selected changeoperation.

In step 212, change management program 200 determines whether thereceived change operation is an allowable change operation. In oneembodiment, change management program 200 compares the received changeoperation (received in step 210) to the determined listing of allowablechange operations for the determined change context (determined in step208) to determine whether the received change operation is included inthe determined listing of allowable change operations. If the receivedchange operation is not included in the determined listing of allowablechange operations, then change management program 200 determines thatthe received change operation is not an allowable change operation. Ifthe received change operation is included in the determined listing ofallowable change operations, then change management program 200determines that the received change operation is an allowable changeoperation.

In step 214, change management program 200 determines whether anexception is associated with the user. More specifically, responsive todetermining that the received change operation is not an allowablechange operation (decision step 212, “no” branch), change managementprogram 200 determines whether the user that selected the receivedchange operation (received in step 210) is associated with an exceptionthat allows execution of any change operation. In one embodiment, changemanagement program 200 determines whether the user profile of the userthat selected the change operation is a superuser account (e.g., anadministrator, supervisor, root account, etc.). In example embodiments,the exception associated with the user profile is an authorization flagthat indicated that the user is capable of performing administrativefunctions and additional privileges. It the user profile is a superuseraccount, then change management program 200 determines that an exceptionis associated with the user. If the user profile is not a superuseraccount, then change management program 200 determines that an exceptionis not associated with the user.

In step 216, change management program 200 rejects the change operation.More specifically, responsive to determining that an exception is notassociated with the user (decision step 214, “no” branch), changemanagement program 200 rejects the change operation (received in step210). In one embodiment, change management program 200 saves therejected change operation in database 132 as an indication of anon-allowable change operation associated with IT environment 140. Inanother embodiment, responsive to determining that an exception is notassociated with the user, change management program 200 can allow thechange operation and issue a system management alert that the changeoperation is not included in the determined listing of allowable changeoperations (determined in step 212). In an example embodiment, the alertcan provide information including details of change ticket 134, a userprofile of the user that executed the change operation, and the commandbeing executed.

In step 218, change management program 200 allows execution of thechange operation. In one embodiment, responsive to determining that thereceived change operation is an allowable change operation (decisionstep 212, “yes” branch), change management program 200 allows executionof the change operation. In another embodiment, responsive todetermining that an exception is associated with the user (decision step214, “yes” branch), change management program 200 allows execution ofthe change operation. In response to allowing the change operation,change management program 200 saves the allowed change operation indatabase 132 as an indication of an allowable change operationassociated with IT environment 140. In an example embodiment, responsiveto determining that the received change operation (in change ticket 134)to update software 145 on server 144 with a software patch is anallowable change operation (decision step 212, “yes” branch), changemanagement program 200 updates software 145 with the software patchincluded in change ticket 134. Additionally, change management program200 saves change operation of updating software 145 on server 144 withan software update in database 132 as an indication of an allowablechange operation associated with IT environment 140, server 144, andsoftware 145.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a business method thatperforms the process steps of the invention on a subscription,advertising, and/or fee basis. That is, a service provider, such as aSolution Integrator, could offer change management. In this case, theservice provider can create, maintain, support, etc. a computerinfrastructure that performs the process steps of the invention for oneor more customers. In return, the service provider can receive paymentfrom the customer(s) under a subscription and/or fee agreement, and/orthe service provider can receive payment from the sale of advertisingcontent to one or more third parties.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of components of computer 300, which isrepresentative of client device 120, change management server 130, andservers 142, 144, and 146, in accordance with an illustrative embodimentof the present invention. It should be appreciated that FIG. 3 providesonly an illustration of one implementation and does not imply anylimitations with regard to the environments in which differentembodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depictedenvironment may be made.

Computer 300 includes communications fabric 302, which providescommunications between computer processor(s) 304, memory 306, persistentstorage 308, communications unit 310, and input/output (I/O)interface(s) 312. Communications fabric 302 can be implemented with anyarchitecture designed for passing data and/or control informationbetween processors (such as microprocessors, communications and networkprocessors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any otherhardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric302 can be implemented with one or more buses.

Memory 306 and persistent storage 308 are examples of computer readabletangible storage devices. A storage device is any piece of hardware thatis capable of storing information, such as, data, program code infunctional form, and/or other suitable information on a temporary basisand/or permanent basis. In this embodiment, memory 306 includes randomaccess memory (RAM) 314 and cache memory 316. In general, memory 306 caninclude any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storagedevice. Software and data 322 are stored in persistent storage 308 foraccess and/or execution by processors 304 via one or more memories ofmemory 306. With respect to client device 120, software and data 322includes application 124. With respect to change management server 130,software and data 322 includes change management program 200 and changeticket 134. With respect to server 142, software and data 322 includesfile 143. With respect to server 144, software and data 322 includessoftware 145. With respect to server 146, software and data 322 includesvirtual machines 147 and 148.

In this embodiment, persistent storage 308 includes a magnetic hard diskdrive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive,persistent storage 308 can include a solid state hard drive, asemiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any othercomputer readable storage media that is capable of storing programinstructions or digital information.

The media used by persistent storage 308 may also be removable. Forexample, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage 308.Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, andsmart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto anothercomputer readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage308.

Communications unit 310, in these examples, provides for communicationswith other data processing systems or devices. In these examples,communications unit 310 may include one or more network interface cards.Communications unit 310 may provide communications through the use ofeither or both physical and wireless communications links. Software anddata 322 may be downloaded to persistent storage 308 throughcommunications unit 310.

I/O interface(s) 312 allows for input and output of data with otherdevices that may be connected to computer 300. For example, I/Ointerface 312 may provide a connection to external devices 318 such as akeyboard, keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable inputdevice. External devices 318 can also include portable computer readablestorage media such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical ormagnetic disks, and memory cards. Software and data 322 can be stored onsuch portable computer readable storage media and can be loaded ontopersistent storage 308 via I/O interface(s) 312. I/O interface(s) 312also can connect to a display 320.

Display 320 provides a mechanism to display data to a user and may be,for example, a computer monitor. Display 320 can also function as atouch screen, such as a display of a tablet computer.

The programs described herein are identified based upon the applicationfor which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of theinvention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular programnomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus theinvention should not be limited to use solely in any specificapplication identified and/or implied by such nomenclature.

The present invention may be a system, a method, a service, and/or acomputer program product. The computer program product may include acomputer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readableprogram instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry outaspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present inventionhave been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intendedto be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles ofthe embodiment, the practical application or technical improvement overtechnologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinaryskill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for managing change in an informationtechnology (IT) environment, the method comprising: in response to anopen change ticket, identifying, by one or more processors, one or morecomponents of the IT environment that are associated with at least onechange operation included in the change ticket, wherein the identifiedinformation associated with the identified one or more components of theIT environment includes one or more of: historical records of previouschanges to components of the IT environment, best practices informationassociated with the IT environment, and indications of allowable changeoperations that the user is capable performing in the IT environment;identifying, by one or processors, information associated with theidentified one or more components of the IT environment; determining, byone or more processors, a listing of allowable change operations for theidentified one or more components of the IT environment and in changeticket based on the identified information associated with theidentified one or more components of the IT environment; receiving, byone or more processors, a user requested change operation, whereinreceiving the user requested change operation includes intercepting theuser requested change operation; determining, by one or more processors,whether the received user requested change operation is included in thedetermined listing of allowable change operations; responsive todetermining that the received user requested change operation isincluded in the determined listing of allowable change operations,executing, by one or more processors, the user requested changeoperation; responsive to determining that the received user requestedchange operation is not included in the determined listing of allowablechange operations, determining, by one or more processors, whether anexception is associated with the user that requested the changeoperation; responsive to determining that an exception is associatedwith the user that requested the change operation, executing, by one ormore processors, the user requested change operation; responsive todetermining that an exception is not associated with the user thatrequested the change operation, rejecting, by one or more processors,the user requested change operation; and storing the executed userrequested change operation as one of the allowable change operations ofthe listing of allowable change operations associated with the ITenvironment.